U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder has issued new directives to his U.S. attorneys in the field to use prosecutorial discretion and stop pursuing low-level drug possession cases that carry high minimum mandatory prison sentences. While state prison populations are finally slowly going down, the federal prison system continues to grow with nonviolent drug convictions.
Also, Judge Shira Scheindlin, a federal district judge in New York, has ruled that New York City’s controversial stop-and-frisk policy was clearly biased in stopping black and Latino people out of proportion to the initial behavior that made police instigate their searches. Thousands of innocent young black and Latino men were being prejudged by the police, losing their constitutional rights and liberties based more on their race rather than on evidence.
Upcoming March
These two events will give extra meaning to the upcoming March on Washington taking place to renew the national conversation sparked 50 years ago by the March for Jobs and Justice in 1963. There was already a renewed sense about the march because of the Supreme Court’s ruling on the Voting Rights Act and by the Trayvon Martin case.
Attorney General Holder and Judge Scheindlin are moving the country in the right direction to discuss the racial implications of policies. And there are dots connecting Trayvon Martin to Holder’s actions to Scheindlin’s ruling.
There are real costs to any action and the implications of policies that are not rational have costs for everyone. The need to discuss race is not just one of justice, though justice is the fabric of any sustainable society. Scheindlin’s ruling points to the cavalier attitude of New York City’s leadership in a policy that was inefficient and, therefore, costly.
A stated purpose of the stop-and-frisk policy was to reduce violent crime and get guns off the streets of New York and out of the hand of criminals. Yet, the data from the police searches clearly indicated that police were more likely to find weapons when they stopped and frisked whites rather than blacks or Latinos.
Without value
So, all the thousands of times and hours police occupied themselves detaining young black and Latino men were the thousands of hours the real criminals were free to go unnoticed. Yet, blinded by their own view of race and crime, the police ignored their own statistics and have defiantly challenged Scheindlin’s ruling in a press conference, calling her ill-informed.
What most disturbed the black community in the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the Trayvon Martin case was a similar issue. A young black man walking alone, quietly talking on a cell phone, minding his own business and eating candy was profiled, followed and stalked by a civilian neighborhood watch volunteer. Trayvon was not engaged in any suspicious activity. He was just a black young man walking through the neighborhood.
The decision to cavalierly excuse his murder reflects a value on Trayvon’s life that underlies the defiance of Mayor Michael Bloomberg and the New York City police that black men do not have a value in society. Trayvon was disposable. And the interrupted lives of the hundreds of thousands of innocent black and Latino men stopped by the New York police have no value.
Prison folly
In the big equation, Trayvon can be disposed of and thousands of lives can be affected because society’s sense of safety outweighs the logic of the evidence of innocence on the part of black and Latino men. So, Holder’s step is in the right direction of reweighting the big equation.
Locking up large numbers of people is not free. It is very costly.
The dramatic rise in incarceration began in the late 1980s, blindly taking on costs and government resources and was not free.
At the state level, its clear manifestation was in the dramatic increase in the share of state budgets that had to go to building and maintaining prisons.
The costs rose so fast that many states were seduced into “privatizing” their systems, which increased the cost to states per prisoner. The National Association of State Budget Officers reported this year that the cost spent per prisoner rose from slightly more than $5,000 in 1985 to nearly $7,000 by 2008 (controlling for inflation), about equal to state expenditures per full-time college student. So, a state’s decision to incarcerate someone literally is a choice between the resources to support one more college student or jail one more person.
At the federal level, rising costs of incarceration have to be balanced against other priorities of the Justice Department, such as reducing violent crime, financial misconduct and fighting terrorism. Locking up non-violent drug offenders for long periods means fewer dollars to go after the Wall Street criminals who helped collapse our economic system. The recent news that the Justice Department is likely to file charges against some J.P. Morgan employees for financial fraud should underscore this connection.
Cost benefit
There must be a cost benefit analysis done of public policies such as high incarceration rates. To the millions of America’s families struggling with college tuition costs, this is not a moot point. Ineffectual criminal justice policies cost families the support needed to keep public higher education quality high.
The argument about tuition costs has ignored the quality issues. Gone is a conversation about keeping the University of California at Berkeley and the University of Michigan competitive in quality with the Ivy League schools; we have reduced the issue to keeping them cheap, like Walmart.
In fact, the state budget officers, in their report, chastise the higher education community for seeking support of the college enterprise with all its bells and whistles of research, insisting that states should bear only the costs of operating budgets for basic instructional functions.
Of course a quality university is a place of research, the generation of new ideas and innovation, the very engine of economic growth. And the challenge for America going forward is giving broad-based access to our children to the skills to innovate and invent prosperity for our nation. But if the corrections budget for the state goes unchallenged and can grow and gobble up more resources, we cannot have the deep discussion we need on real priorities.
This is where the question of race enters.
As long as a low value is placed on the liberties and rights of black men, so long will we not question the rationality of policies that are ineffectual. Despite evidence that the crime rate has fallen in the United States, we still insist on ever-higher prison expenditures.
And, we do not look at the evidence showing high incarceration rates increase recidivism in the system and does not account for the decline in the crime rate; ignoring a separate trend of declining crime is also taking place.
We also do not discuss the implications of locking up non-violent drug offenders or the disparities in who gets stopped by the police and, thus, swept into the criminal punishment system.
But turning a blind eye to the evidence means Wall Street bandits who rob the economy of billions and destroy the jobs of thousands will go unpunished and states will under-invest in our children’s need for quality higher education, private prison companies will continue to profit and, instead of careful targeting of terrorists, the federal government will, instead, pursue cheaper broad net collection of data on its citizens.
Rational policies are not possible if we are irrational. And, too often, race makes America act irrationally.
William Spriggs is chief economist with the AFL-CIO and is a professor in, and former chairman of, the Department of Economics at Howard University. He is also former assistant secretary in the Office of Policy at the U.S. Department of Labor. You may follow him on Twitter: @WSpriggs
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